He remained in the non-commissioned officer track while enrolled in the psychology subsection of the Army Specialized Training Program, including three months of study at Georgetown University and six months at Ohio State University. Leary was drafted into the United States Army and received basic training at Fort Eustis in 1943. Leary was expelled a year later for spending a night in the female dormitory and lost his student deferment in the midst of World War II. He enrolled in the university's ROTC program, maintained top grades, and began to cultivate academic interests in psychology (under the aegis of the Middlebury and Harvard-educated Donald Ramsdell) and biology. To his family's chagrin, Leary transferred to the University of Alabama in late 1941 because it admitted him so expeditiously. About 50 years later he said that it was "the only fair trial I've had in a court of law". Leary then resigned and was honorably discharged by the Army. The Honor Committee quietly revised its position and announced that it would abide by the court-martial verdict. Walsh, head of the Senate Naval Affairs Committee, who investigated personally. In his sophomore year his mother appealed to a family friend, United States Senator David I. He was acquitted by a court-martial, but the silencing continued, as well as the onslaught of demerits for small rule infractions. He refused and was "silenced"-that is, shunned by fellow cadets. He was also accused of going on a drinking binge and failing to admit it, and was asked by the Honor Committee to resign. In the first months as a "plebe", he received numerous demerits for rule infractions and then got into serious trouble for failing to report rule breaking by cadets he supervised. Under pressure from his father, he became a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Leary attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1938 to 1940. He graduated from Classical High School in Springfield. His father, Timothy "Tote" Leary, was a dentist who left his wife Abigail Ferris when Leary was 14. ![]() Leary was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, an only child in an Irish Catholic household. 2.2 Millbrook and psychedelic counterculture (1963–1967).2.1.1 Introduction to psychedelic mushrooms.2 Psychedelic experiments and experiences.President Richard Nixon once called him "the most dangerous man in America". ĭuring the 1960s and 1970s, Leary was arrested 36 times. Leary developed the eight-circuit model of consciousness in his book Exo-Psychology (1977) and gave lectures, occasionally calling himself a "performing philosopher". He also wrote and spoke frequently about transhumanist concepts of space migration, intelligence increase, and life extension (SMI²LE). ![]() He popularized catchphrases that promoted his philosophy, such as " turn on, tune in, drop out", " set and setting", and " think for yourself and question authority". After leaving Harvard, he continued to publicly promote psychedelic drugs and became a well-known figure of the counterculture of the 1960s. He took LSD and developed a philosophy of mind expansion and personal truth through LSD. Leary believed that LSD showed potential for therapeutic use in psychiatry. Many people only learned of psychedelics after the Harvard scandal. Harvard fired Leary and his colleague Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass) in May 1963. One of Leary's students, Robert Thurman, has denied that Leary pressured unwilling students. Other Harvard faculty questioned his research's scientific legitimacy and ethics because he took psychedelics along with his subjects and allegedly pressured students to join in. He led the Project from 1960 to 1962, testing the therapeutic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin, which were legal in the U.S., in the Concord Prison Experiment and the Marsh Chapel Experiment. Īs a clinical psychologist at Harvard University, Leary founded the Harvard Psilocybin Project after a revealing experience with magic mushrooms in Mexico. He was "a hero of American consciousness", according to Allen Ginsberg, and Tom Robbins called him a "brave neuronaut". Evaluations of Leary are polarized, ranging from bold oracle to publicity hound. Timothy Francis Leary (Octo– May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and author known for his strong advocacy of psychedelic drugs.
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